Free Essays - First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice Essays

First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice     Pride and Prejudice was first titled First Impressions, and these titles embody the themes of the novel. The narrative describes how the prejudices and first impressions (especially those dealing with superciliousness) of the master(prenominal) characters change throughout the novel, focusing on those of Elizabeth Bennet.   Elizabeths judgments about other characters dispositions are accurate about half of the time. While she is correct about Mr. Collins and how absurdly self-serving he is and about Lady Catherine de Bourgh and how proud and snobbish she is, her first impressions of Wickham and Darcy steer her incorrectly. Wickham is first thought to be a gentleman by all. His practiced looks and his easy manner fool al most(prenominal) everyone, and Elizabeth believes without question all that he tells her of Darcy. Elizabeths first impressions of him are contradicted when she realizes that he has lied about Da rcy.   Elizabeth and many of the other characters pick up Darcy as proud, and it can be seen from this quote just how quickly this judgment of him is formed.   The gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man, the ladies declared he was much handsomer than Mr. Bingley, and he was looked at with great admiration for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgust which tuned the tide of his popularity for he as find to be proud, to be above his company, and above being pleased and not all his large estate in Derbyshire could then save him from having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being unworthy to be compared with his friend.   It is not only what she believes to be pride in Darcys character that makes her judge him harshly, but also her prejudice against him because of the lies Wickham has told her. Darcy sees this wrongdoing of prejudice in Elizabeth, stating that her defect is willfully to misunderstand everybody. In the end Elizabeth realizes her folly in trusting her first impressions and prejudices about the men, and states, how despicably have I acted... I, who have prided myself on my discernment - I, who have valued myself on my abilities...   The above are only a few of the major examples of first impressions, prejudice and pride in the novel, as these themes show up throughout the story.

Increase in Tuition :: Education Argumentative Papers

Increase in care Dear ISU Cyclone Family Member,Would you like to save yourself $300 to $900 every six months for quaternionyears? perchance go treat yourself to something nice each month or save up andgive yourself a big treat at the end of four years? Would you like to seeISU continue with low priced high quality education? These two things willbe intangible if you turn and look the otherwise way on this issue.This week Iowa State is hosting the Board of Regents in the Sun Room of theMemorial Union. The Board of Regents will be meeting to discuss and select onan increase in tuition beginning the 2001, fall semester. A 9.9% increase ison the floor. This increase would put a heavy drain on all present andfuture ISU students financially. It is critical that this 9.9% increase bestruck down. The citizens of Iowa should not have to pay another increase.This enormous percentage is too a lot to ask.The Government Student Body (GSB) has developed a proposal that willincrease tuition , but does not increase tuition at such a drastic increase.(See enclosed sheet for more information.)GSB and other Iowa State students and family atomic number 18 asking you to join them atthe Board of Regents meetings to express our dissatisfaction in thispossible increase. The dates for these meetings areWednesday, October 18AndThursday, October 19From 9 am to noonThe more representation, the better the chance of the 9.9% tuition increasebeing denied. Come defend and protect yourself from a tuition increase thatis extreme, too expensive, and too high. Enclosed is an information sheeton the tuition increase to inform you of what is really going on and why. Sincerely, Jeanine Farnen Tuition Increase Informational Sheet Do you have $300 to $900 extra to give away? The Board of Regents thinks you doThe proposed tuition increase at Iowa State is come out of the closet on the table. Theincrease would be 9.9%, or an extra $300 dollars per semester for in-statestudents, and $900 addit ional for out of state students (Iowa StateDaily-Opinion). For a student getting their undergraduate head at ISUthat is an additional $2400 for in-state students during their four years atIowa State and that is an additional $7200 for out of state students duringtheir for years.Last October the regents approved a 4.3% increase in Iowa tuition. wherefore another increase?The urgent need for the tuition increase is due to a cut in funding to theRegent Universities from the Iowa State Legislature.

How Does the Number of Children in a Family Affect Childrens Growth Es

How Does the Number of Children in a Family Affect Childrens GrowthDo you fork over brothers or sisters? Or are you the only child in your family? If you get under ones skin brothers and sisters, you may have feelings rough how your siblings care for you, how they influence you and how your parents give their love to you all. And if you are the only child in your family, then you may know how it feels when parents counterbalance their whole attentions to you. Then, how does the number of children in a nuclear family affect the childrens psychological growth? The only child in the family usually gets what he wants because he is the apple of his parents eye which can bedevil the child feel that it is natural to think about only his own needs. While in a more-than-one-child family, a child may not get what he wants because his parents still have other children to care about which can make the child think about his siblings before he speaks out his needs. As time goes on, these two children can have different ideas when dealing with others desires and their own. As we can see from the above, the effects do exist. And this study will explore both the positive and negative effects on only children and children with siblings according to their birth order.Lets look at the only child family first. Only children can always get their parents whole attention, which means they are living with their parents whole love. Parents are likely to try everything to make their only children grow with happiness and comforts. And even the poorest parents are willing to try their best to make their only child live a happy demeanor with them. Take me for example my parents always buy me all kinds of candies, jelly, potato chips, and drinks in addition to delicious ... ...tion to. Some families can only have one child, like most of the families in China due to the One Child Policy, and some families choose to only have one child, so the number of children is fixed. And for those families which have more than one child, the order of the children is fixed. Therefore, parents should pay high attention to the problem that how to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative effects. And that is what need to studied on too.Works ConsultedX Susan Newman. Ph.D. Parenting An Only Child http//www.familyresource.com/parenting/86/654/X Amber E. Ingram, Department of Psychology, Missouri Western State College The Influence of Birth Order on Anxietyhttp//clearinghouse.mwsc.edu/manuscripts/288.aspX Don Dinkmeyer, Gary D. McKay, and Don Dinkmeyer, Jr., Parent Education Leaders Manual Coral Springs, F1978

Reflective Research Paper -- Essays Papers

Reflective Research Paper Gender biases are a problem in many schools and gender equity has been used to help take up those biases. Equity refers to having equal expectations and treating students of different sexes and cultural backgrounds equally. Gender biases generate been a problem in education for years. In the past boys and girls admit had different expectations when it comes to education. Boys have generally been taught to take leadership roles and girls to take much passive roles. In recent years gender equity has helped remove gender biases from the classroom, giving boys and girls a more equal type of education. In 1972 Congress passed Title IX, which forbids any type of gender discrimination in an educational setting that is receiving federal financial backing (Ryan & Cooper, 2000). Educators David and Myra Sadker say boys and girls have very different educations even though they use the same textbooks, sit in the same classrooms, and have the same te achers (Weiss, 2001). Unfortunately gender biases still exist in classrooms and boys seem to benefit from them more than girls. The Sadkers research shows that teachers tend to call on boys more than girls. They say this is because boys are more assertive and demand more attention by speaking out of turn to the teacher (Weiss, 2001). When girls call out answers it is shown teachers are more likely to agitate out their inappropriate behavior and not answer them, where boys generally do not get redirected and get better feedback from the teachers than girls do. Boys may also tend to have more interactions with teachers than girls and are more likely to dominate the classroom (Ryan & Cooper, 2000). Teachers have also been shown to praise boys for doing we... ...Premier EBSCOhost Item 3588728Callas, D. (1993). Differences in mathematics achievement between males and females. Online. fellowship College Review, 21 62-66. Article from MasterFILE Premier EBSCOhost Item 941 0121136 Girls math/science education. (1998). Online. Education Digest, 63, 42-47. Article from MasterFILE Premier EBSCOhost Item 80903 Levi, L. (2000). Gender equity in mathematics education. Online. training Children Mathematics, 7, 101-107. Article from MasterFILE Premier EBSCOhost Item 3774258 Reys, R., E., Lindquist, M., M., Lambdin, D., V., Smith, N., L., & Suydam, M., N. (2001). Helping children learn mathematics. New York John Wiley & Sons Inc. Weiss, R., P. (2001). Gender-biased learning. Online. Training and Development, 55, 42-46. Article from MasterFILE Premier EBSCOhost Item 3975000

Relationships In The Odyssey :: essays research papers

Relationships in the Odyssey EssayThroughout the Odyssey, there are many relationships that represent love between two people. These relationships show loyalty, compassion, and the wanting to be near one an early(a). Two of these kinds of relationships are between Odysseus and Telemakhos, and Odysseus and Penelope. The relationship between Odysseus and Telemakhos is a blind love. That is because they never really got to know each other because Odysseus has been gone for most of Telemakhos&8217 life. One example of this blind love is when Odysseus hears about how the suitors are mistreating and stealing from Telemakhos. Odysseus gets so irate that he was then even more determined than ever, to return to his family. Telemakhos also exhibits the same kind of blind love towards his father. Even though people have told him that his father was dead, he never believed it. He felt that his father was alive and was willing to sacrifice his life to prove it. Telemakhos was inexperienced at directing a boat, but he was willing to refine because he felt something inside of him that gave him the strength to go on. Thus, this relationship between Odysseus and Telemakhos gave both of them the courage to overcome the hardships ahead of them. While the relationship between Odysseus and Telemakhos is a blind love, the relationship between Odysseus and Penelope is a love between two people who just want to be together. Odysseus shows his love towards Penelope throughout the Odyssey. In spite of the fact that Odysseus has been gone for twenty years, he never forgets his wife back in Ithaca. One example of how much he precious to go home was when he went to the island of the Lotus-Eaters. He could have stayed on the island of the Lotus-Eaters where everything he ever wanted was there, but the thing he wanted the most was to be with his wife. Penelope likewise displays this kind of love towards Odysseus.

Relationships In The Odyssey :: essays research papers

Relationships in the Odyssey EssayThroughout the Odyssey, there are many relationships that represent venerate between two people. These relationships show loyalty, compassion, and the fateing to be near one another. Two of these kinds of relationships are between Odysseus and Telemakhos, and Odysseus and Penelope. The relationship between Odysseus and Telemakhos is a blind love. That is because they never really got to know each other because Odysseus has been gone for most of Telemakhos&8217 life. wiz example of this blind love is when Odysseus hears about how the suitors are mistreating and stealing from Telemakhos. Odysseus gets so acidulated that he was then even more determined than ever, to return to his family. Telemakhos also exhibits the same kind of blind love towards his father. Even though people take a shit told him that his father was dead, he never believed it. He felt that his father was alive and was willing to sacrifice his life to prove it. Telemakhos was in experienced at directing a boat, but he was willing to try because he felt some social function inside of him that gave him the strength to go on. Thus, this relationship between Odysseus and Telemakhos gave both of them the courage to overcome the hardships beforehand of them. While the relationship between Odysseus and Telemakhos is a blind love, the relationship between Odysseus and Penelope is a love between two people who just want to be together. Odysseus shows his love towards Penelope throughout the Odyssey. In spite of the fact that Odysseus has been gone for twenty years, he never forgets his wife back in Ithaca. One example of how much he wanted to go home was when he went to the island of the Lotus-Eaters. He could have stayed on the island of the Lotus-Eaters where everything he ever wanted was there, but the thing he wanted the most was to be with his wife. Penelope likewise displays this kind of love towards Odysseus.

Media Influence on Eating Disorders Essay

Women argon given the mess days at a very unseasoned age that in order for them to be happy and successful they support to be thin and beauteous. It is also not surprising that take overturns atomic number 18 on the facelift because of the value society places on macrocosm thin. Most women and girls olfactory property the like being thin is the ultimate achievement and quite possibly the most distinguished aspect of themselves. take disorders used to salutary be a counseling for women and young girls to keep their weight off. However, the sad truth is this isnt unless a diet, scarce a silent killer. In recent years, girls with low self admire ar becoming increasingly younger.According to the National Association of Eating Disorders, 47% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported wanting to lose weight because of snip pictures (12). When young girls compare themselves to mountain ranges of women who appear correct their self image lessens, and in turn creating a vulner commensurate platform for an eating disorder to take all everyplace. The medias unrealistic portrayals of women, societies obsession with being thin, and lastly the rise in weight sledding advertising are problems discussed throughout this paper as reasons for the growing epidemic of eating disorders.Women eternally ask themselves what is the perfect personate type? . As our adolescence ages into due date many women struggle with trying to answer this question. Societies idea of what the perfect body type is constantly changing. However, it is always influenced by the medias perception of what the perfect body image should look like. We all idolize these images we see on television and in magazines and some of us would do anything to look just like them. When they are constantly being compared to what they see in the media, its no wonder these young girls develop self esteem issues.One study showed that 69 percent of girls stated that magazine models influenced their idea of t he perfect body shape (Does the media cause eating disorders? 3). I believe the media and how they portray women unrealistically is one of the reasons for the increase in eating disorders over the years. Instead of focusing on what college they are going to att oddity, these girls are worried about how many calories are in an apple. Between TV, magazines, and movies, girls are constantly analyse themselves to unrealistic images that are painted everywhere.Its almost impossible to step outside without seeing these illusory images. By 17, the average woman has received over 250,000 commercial messages through the media (Mass-Marketing of Disordered Eating and Eating Disorders The Social Psychology of Women, 212). These advertisements are damaging to two mental and physical states to the girls and women trying to see up to the medias perception of the perfect body type and are more likely to develop one of the many body image disorders (Media and Eating Disorders 1).Trying to live u p to these expectations back tooth be detrimental to the health and well-being of these girls, all to achieve the perfect look they see so often. Thin models and actresses in the core of the media are often the ones these girls are looking up to, and strive to look like, which keister also pose a problem as many measure these women are unhealthily thin. Its no secret that female celebrities appearances have shifted in recent years. Celebrities and models exude a sort of power over people, partly because they are so highly visible in our society.There is a meaning behind what celebrities and models look like it is the message that these women are powerful, they are sexy, they are beautiful they are wanted (Ahern et al. , 2008). The influence of the stereotypical vision of a woman is taking a toll. When a girl becomes obsessed with dieting and looking better, they crapper easily become anorexic or bulimic. 79% of teenage girls who suffer from eating disorders are readers of women s magazines (Media and Eating disorders 2). This just shows how influential images in the magazines can be, and its upsetting that these are the images young girls and women chose to compare themselves to.Im not quite sure when the idea of beauty went from the curvy size 14 come across of Marilyn Monroe to a sickly looking size 0 model. Its understandable that the fashion industry wants models to wear their clothes efficiently, but whats the harm in having women look like women to model their clothing? Fashion editors and models believe they are just responding to a supply and demand, or in other words, trying to grocery their product efficiently despite the underlying issues it presents. If these marketers dont realize that what they chose to display is harmful, the issue at large will continue to rise.So what can we do to change this problem? Some media influences started to realize that the media was to blame for this self-hatred amongst girls and began to do something about it . DOVE, for example, released a campaign called The Dove Campaign for Real ravisher in which they began airing commercials displaying women who looked like real women, not sticks. Dove has realized the medias negative effect on adolescent girls and has taken matters into their own hands by publishing a new ad with healthier looking models. This ad is one step in the rightdirection to building back up young girls self esteem and making them comfortable with their bodies. They also launched a self-esteem movement where they travel and do soundshops with young girls who have self esteem and image issues. DOVE also released a video titled Real Beauty Sketches in which a trained FBI sketch artist drew the women establish on their own self- perception, then based on that of a stranger. The strangers depictions of the women were more attractive and actually similar to what they looked like, while their own perception was extremely abrasive and a less beautified image.This short, but pow erful video enlightened these women how critical they are towards themselves and how women usually do not realize how they appear in everyone elses midriffs, just how they view oneself. If prominent brands in the media created these kind of campaigns, in that location would be more girls inclined to look up to an realistic image, versus something that is not attainable. Women will never stop wanting to improve themselves, but by advertisers embracing all the different beautiful attributes women have they will refrain from practicing unhealthy methods and will work towards realistic goals that will make them happy.There have been many studies about the effects media has on women and how it could razetually lead to eating disorders. One study was through with(p) examined how the viewing of fashion magazines affected middle school and high-school-aged girls. In one particular survey, this study found among middle school-aged girls that viewing fashion magazines influenced them to c onsider a thin body type as the ideal body type. This seems to be the initial effect of viewing media that continuously and predominantly displays abnormally thinwomen. (Field, 2000). As for the high-school-aged girls, a connection was make between idealizing and desiring the body types that were seen repeatedly in the fashion magazines to the point of development of symptoms of eating disorders (Field, 2000). The influence of these images in relation to these girls made a large impact. When they are comparing themselves to these images, in their minds they have to take measures to alter their physical appearance, and in turn leading to symptoms of eating disorders.However, fashion icons and magazines are not the only culprit for the rise of eating disorders and body image issues. Weight loss promotion is everywhere we look, and seen every quantify we turn on the television. Between ads like Jenny Craig and Atkins, these campaigns are sex act women everywhere you can be happy too, if you follow this plan and become thin like me . Women are constantly confronted with the message that they need to lose weight, and since the weight industry is booming, they are buying into the hype. Health and well-being are often mixed up with weight-loss.However, there is a difference between being healthy and being unhealthily thin. There is nothing wrong with working out and keeping active to be healthy, but when exercising begins to replace meals and self image starts to deteriorate, thats when it becomes a problem. Being thin is portrayed to equal being strong, healthy, and powerful. The exploitation of images that display womens bodies benefits both weight-loss companies and companies selling beauty and fashion products. Yes, it is good for the business, but can be damaging to women.If women continue to convince themselves they need to look a certain way or be a certain size, the easier it will be for consumers to sell them into looking better (Hesse-Biber et al, 2006). As unfortunate as it is, these marketers are benefiting in the end from the presence of eating disorders in our society. Weight loss advertising goes hand-in-hand with fashion and beauty advertising. Both display unrealistic expectations and convincing them that to be happy, they must be thin. Saying that weight-loss advertisers should cease is a stretch, but what is possible topromote change is to begin to reiterate the idea of being healthy and active, versus taking diet pills and being on diets, because often enough diets turn into serious eating disorders. I can attest this to my personal life because I understand what they going through, myself having suffered with an eating disorder for 6 years. The first time I had the idea of not eating to lose weight was when I saw Mary-Kate Olsen on the cover of a magazine for her problem with anorexia. My 12 year old brain saw the cover and thought if thats how she lost weight, thats how I will.even though I was a slender 115 pounds, I st ill thought I was overweight. It started by not eating lunch sometimes, or telling my mom I was full at the dinner table. The weight fell off easily, and I liked all the compliments I was receiving, It made me feel important and special in the moment, but when I would look in the mirror I didnt see what everyone did. I matte as though everyone was lying to me to make me feel better. Little white lies about my weight started turning into bigger lies and as my disorder got worse, so did I. There was a time I didnt eat anything but an apple for 3 days straight.It begun to affect my grades, my social life, and worse of all my health. My family all knew something was wrong with me but I never listened to anyone or wanted help. My mom noticed me weight-loss and forced me to see a therapist and a doctor. I gained the weight back almost presently and fast. Once again I was drowning in the same negative thoughts about myself as I had for so many years, but this time I looked how I felt, an d it made it even worse. I felt huge and disgusting and became severely depressed. It took all that I had in me just to proceed out of bed and get dressed.So many times I just wanted to slip back into the cycle of not eating, but I knew everyone had a close eye on me. Then one day I was at a friends house with a bunch of girls and one of them starting talking about bingeing and purging. It sounded like the best idea ever to me I was able to eat, but not consume the calories. I began the cycle of bingeing and purging every day. At first it felt like an adrenaline rush and the weight was falling off fast, and that invincible feeling started up once again. But this began to take a toll on my body even worse than not eating.My mom was suspicious and confronted me one day to let me know she was worried and she knew I had a problem, but of run for I was in denial and insisted I was fine. The day I threw up blood and fainted I knew this was much more serious then I had thought. My body w as finally shutting down on me after all these years. I told my mom everything that had happened and she brought me to the doctor and had many tests done. The doctor said my esophageal passage was damaged and if I didnt stop purging soon there would be permanent damaged. He also said I had anemia and my bones and variety meat were weak.The dentist said my enamel was destroyed. This disorder had not only permanently damaged my body, but my soul felt broken. I felt like I had no life left in me and it took a long time and a few therapists to learn how to love myself and my body the way it is. I just hope one day I can tell my story to young girls so they know that they arent alone and they wont have to grow up thinking they need to destroy their bodies to feel beautiful. Eating disorders are something that will continue be a problem in this rural area until the media along with society decides to make an impact.We find unrealistic images of extremely thin women plastered everywhere in television, magazines, television, weight-loss promotions, and are glamorized by celebrities. These media advertisements are all change factors to the self-hatred these girls feel. Women who see these images firsthand try to live up to the perfect image of what a woman is supposed to look like, when in fact this perfect image doesnt exist. There is the underlying idea that to be happy, powerful, and satisfied in your life, being thin will get you there.The advertisers, even though are trying to keep their business successful, should make it so the images they chose to display are representations of women who look like women. If there were images of real women, with real curves, girls might be able to not only relate, but be inspired instead of bashing and hating themselves for not achieving their own idea of what their supposed to look like. Having too have suffered from an eating disorder I understand what these girls are going through and how serious this disease is.When the media finally realizes that displaying unrealistic images of women are doing more harm then good, the cycle of these women and young girls feeling like they have to starve themselves to be beautiful will hopefully come to an end. Having women who represent women will not only provide fervor for girls, but also give them positive influences to look up to. Hopefully one day society will learn that there isnt just one vision of beauty or weight, and the horrible cycle of eating disorders will cease to exist forever.

Identifying Macromolecules in Common Foods Essay

AbstractWe tried five common nutriment specifics to determine which macromolecules were present. We tested for the macromolecules of simple and complex carbohydrates ( dulcorates and starch), lipids, and proteins. The foods tested were coconut milk, karo sirup, spud chips, groundnut vine butter, and banana tree baby food. We hypothesized that coconut milk would contain all four types of macromolecules, karo syrup would only when contain simple sugars which are monosaccharides and/or disaccharides, potato chips would contain starches and fats, peanut butter would contain sugars, fats, and proteins, and banana baby food would consist of sugars and starch. Each macromolecule test consisted of five test undergrounds of the food item individually diluted into ascendants for reacting severally with Benedicts reagent to show the mien of sugar, IK2I for starch presence, and Buirets reagent for protein presence. A simple stem test was used evaluting lipid existence for apiece food. Our results confirmed our estimations of the foods compounds. The interrogatory results verified that coconut milk contained all four types of macromolecules, karo syrup contain only simple sugars, potato chips were starches and fats, peanut butter contained sugars, fats, and proteins, and banana baby food consisted of sugars and starches.IntroductionIdentifying macromolecules in the foods we eat is essential in comprising a healthy well-rounded diet ensuring our nutritional needs for cellular processes in the human body. The largest biological molecules are known as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates are compounds of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides known as sugars and starches. Lipids, known as fats, are storage molecules in animals and plants. Proteins bind to separate molecules performing key roles in DNA and RNA functions.Five different food items were tested for the presence of specific macromolecules identified as sugars, starch, li pids, and proteins. The food items were coconut milk, karo syrup, potato chips, peanut butter, and banana baby food. We used chemical indicators and dark- browned paper to detect the presence of different macromolecules in various solutions made from each food sample. If sugars were present in a food, accordingly the Benedicts reagent and heat would turn the solution orangeness and precipitate will form. If starch was present, then the iodine potassium iodide would turn the solution darkening violet or brown and form a precipitate. If lipids were present in a food, then the brown paper it was rubbed onto would form a transparent area.If a food contains protein, then the Buirets reagent would turn the solution violet or purple in colouration. Our observations of the changes to the solutions in chroma and consistency indicated the presence of each different macromolecule according to the food item (see Table 1, Chart 1). We predicted that coconut milk would contain sugars, star ch, lipids and proteins karo syrup would only be a simple sugar potato chips were made of starch and lipids peanut butter would contain sugars, lipids, and proteins and banana baby food would only contain sugars and starch.Materials and MethodsWe tested five food items for sugars, starch, lipids, and protein. The items tested were cocunut milk, karo syrup, potato chips, peanut butter, and banana baby food. All of these food items were thick in consistence. Also, several of the foods had baleful colourizeing which would make some of the tests difficult to visually measure. Solutions were made of each food item. Our lab professor dilute the foods with water to form solutions for us to test. harmonise to our lab manual, The Pearson Custom Library for the Biological Sciences, chapter Macromolecules, the testing methods are as follows (reference II).Before any testing chemicals or testing procedures were performed, the intial states and colors of the food solutions were as follows the ostracise look into water was readable and colorless coconut milk was opaque and white karo syrup solution was completely transparent and colorless potato chip solution was cloud and slightly yellow peanut butter solution was cloudy and slightly beige banana baby food solution was cloudy and slightly yellowish beige.Simple Carbohydrates (Sugar) TestingUsing Benedicts testing on our food items, we tested for simple sugars. Six salvage test metros were labeled individually with each testing food item plus one negative comprise test tube. Solutions of each food item in the quantity of one large dropperful was added to each labeled test tube and one full dropperful of water was added to the affirm tube.Then, each test tube received one full dropperful of Benedicts reagent and was gently shaken to mix the solution. Each test tube was then placed in a hot water bath in a beaker of water on a hot plate for approximately 2 transactions.After approximately 2 minutes, the test tubes were removed from the water and placed into the test tube rack for us to observe any changes to the solutions. The resulting states and colors of the test tubes were as follows The negative control water was clear and blue in color coconut milk was opaque with a dark orange precipitate in the bottom and orange through the rest of its solution karo syrup was opaque with a dark orange precipitate in the bottom and orange throughout its solution potato chips solution remained cloudy with no precipitate and was blue in solution peanut butter solution was opaque with a brown precipitate in the bottom and brown through its solution and the banana baby food solution was opaque, dark brown in color and formed a dark brown precipitate in the bottom of the test tube.Complex Carbohydrates (Starch) TestingIodine potassium iodide (IK2I) was used to test for polysaccarides. Six clean test tubes were labeled and placed in a test tube rack. Five of the test tubes were individually labeled with eac h of our five food items and one test tube was labeled control. The control test tube one full dropperful of water, the other five test tubes received their identified food item in the quantity of one full dropperful.Then, one droplet of the IK2I reagent was added to each of the six test tubes and were mixed well. The resulting states and colors of the test tubes were as follows The negative control water was clear and yellow amber in color coconut milk formed a dark brown precipitate and an opaque solution color of violet-beige karo syrup remained translucent and deep amber in color potato chips solution formed a dark purple precipitate with an opaque solution color of purple peanut butter solution remained cloudy and yellow in color and the banana baby food solution formed a purple brown precipitate and an opaque solution of tapish beige.Lipid TestingWe performed a non-coated paper test on our chosen food items to identify the presence of lipids. Six squares of non-coated brown p aper were obtained and labeled with the five food items to be tested and one control paper labeled water. The control paper received a droplet of water rubbed into the paper. Each of the five separate foods were added and rubbed onto the center of each of their identified brown paper. The papers were set aside for 30 minutes to absorb the contents and dry.After the 30 minutes, each paper was held towards the overhead light. The coconut milk, potato chips, and peanut butter papers all showed translucent areas where the food was applied. The Karo syrup and the banana baby food dried completely and showed no translucent areas, being completely opaque in their paper centers.Protein TestingThe Biurets test was performed on each of our five food items to identify the presence of protein in the foods. Six clean test tubes were labeled and placed in a test tube rack. Five of the test tubes were individually labeled with each of our five food items and one test tube was labeled control. The control test tube had one full dropperful of water, the other five test tubes received their identified food item in the quantity of one full dropperful.Then we added one full dropperful of of buirets reagent to each of the test tubes, agitated the tubes to mix thoroughly, and observed any changes. Theresulting states and colors of the test tubes were as follows The negative control water was clear and light blue in color coconut milk was opaque and violet-brown karo syrup remained translucent with slightly blue solution color potato chips solution remained cloudy and turned more slightly grayish in color peanut butter solution was opaque and became pinkish in color and the banana baby food solution was opaque and turned brownish slightly green color.ResultsCoconut milk tested arbitrary for sugar indicated by a dark orange precipitate forming and an orange solution. Coconut milk tested overbearing for starch as it formed a brown precipitate with a beige colored solution. Coconut m ilk tested positive for lipids as the paper developed transparency. Coconut milk tested positive for proteins by resulting in an opaque, violet-brown solution.Karo syrup tested positive for sugar by exhibiting a dark orange precipitate and an orange solution. Karo syrup tested negative for starch, lipids, and proteins as there was no resulting changes.potato chips tested positive for starch by producing a dark purple precipitate and a purple solution. Potato chips tested positive for lipids forming transparency on the testing paper. Potato chips tested negative for sugars and proteins indicated by no trend changes to their solutions.Peanut butter tested positive for sugar forming a brown precipitate and a brown solution. Peanut butter tested positive for lipids by developing transparency on the testing paper. Peanut butter tested positive for protein by resulting in a pinkish beige solution. Peanut butter tested negative for starch as the solutuion remained yellow in color.The banan a baby food tested positive for sugar resulting in a dark brown precipitate and dark brown solution. Banana baby food tested positive for starch by resulting a brown precipitate and a pink-beige solution. Banana baby food tested negative for lipids and proteins observing no trending changes.DiscussionOur results supported our hypotheses and predictions developed from our previous exposure to these foods with knowledge of taste, texture and common dietary information. Coconut milk contained sugars, starch, lipids and proteins karo syrup contained simple sugars potato chips contain starch and lipids peanut butter contained sugars, lipids, and proteins and banana baby food contained sugars and starch (see Table 1 and Chart 1).According to functional Properties of Food Macromolecules, Second Edition (reference IV), Benedicts reagent is a clear, blue liquid used to test for simple sugars such as monosaccharides and disaccharides. When Benedicts reagent and simple carbohydrates are heate d together, the solution will turn color to orange red. This color change is caused by the copper (II) ions in the reagent are trim back to copper (I) ions. Sometimes a reddish precipitate forms in the base of the test tube.Information provided by Science and Health Education Partnership, SEP Lessons by University of California San Francisco (reference III) details that Buirets reagent is a clear, blue liquid that when in the presence of proteins will change to a purple or even pink color when the copper atoms of the reagent react with proteins or polypeptide chains. Iodine solution or Lugols reagent changes from an amber color to dark purple of even black.Due to the pilot program coloring of the foods, the resulting color changes and formed precipitates were adjusted according to the mixture of the reacting coloring. For examples, the peanut butter and banana baby food both were an pilot burner brown color so as they reacted with Benedicts reagent and were heated they resulted i n a darker brown color as the common orange reacting color mixed with their original brown coloring. These brown colorings were taken into consideration as we reviewed the ending reactions to justify a positive or negative identification.References CitedI. Molecular Biology Initiative. Georgia Confederate University, GA.http//cosm.georgiasouthern.edu/biology/mbi/activities/Macromolecules%20in%20food/Macromolecules%20in%20food%20activity.pdf. Accessed February 11, 2013.II. Pearson Learning Solutions. Macromolecules, in The Pearson Custom Library for the Biological Sciences. Boston, MA Pearson Learning Solutions, 2012, pp. 69-87.III. Science and Health Education Partnership, SEP Lessons. University of California San Francisco. http//seplessons.ucsf.edu/node/362. Accessed February 11, 2013.IV. S.E. Hill, D.A. Ledward, and J.R. Mitchell. operative Properties of Food Macromolecules, Second Edition. Gaithersburg, MD Aspen Publishing, 1998.

Demand Analysis of low-calorie microwavable food Essay

QD = 20,000 10P + 1500A + 5PX + 10 ISince R2 is considerable high, the model explains the demand quite well. Putting the values of P, A, Px and I in the preceding(prenominal) equation, we get, Converting all price into dollars, we get,QD = 20,000 (108000) + (150064) + (59000) + (105000) = 131000Now, own price elasticity (ep) = = -10, P = 8000, Q = 131000Own Price elasticity (ep) = 10 = 0.61 (approx.) carrefour price elasticity (exy) = = 5, Px = 9000, Q = 131000Cross price elasticity (exy) = 5 = 0.34 (approx.)Income elasticity (eI) = = 10, I = 5000, Q = 131000Income elasticity (eI) = 10 = 0.38 (approx.)Advertisement elasticity (eA) = = 1500, A = 64, Q = 131000Advertisement elasticity (eA) = 1500 = 0.73 (approx.)From the above results, we can play that the own price elasticity is 0.61. Thus the demand for the low-calorie microwavable food is inelastic in nature. This implies that an increase in the price of the food leads to the fall of the quantity demanded by slight than proportionate amount. Income elasticity of the good calculated is 0.38. This implies that the good selected is normal good. The cross price elasticity is 0.34. Therefore the two goods are almost deputize goods. Finally, coming to the advertisementelasticity, we can see that the advertisement elasticity is 0.73. Thus advertisement has an important impact on the sales of the product.Since price elasticity is less than 1, total revenue will fall if price falls. Moreover the cross price elasticity of the product is almost close to zero. So, if the firm will never lower its price to increase its grocery store share.i) The demand reduce s drawn belowii) At these prices there is always an excess bring. Thus market forces cannot determine the equilibrium.iii) The factors can influence demand and supply areDemand Advertisement, Income, price of the competitors product, and so forth Supply technological improvement, supply shocks, etc.Increase in advertisement expenditure can increase t he demand this will shift the demand curve rightward.Similarly any reduction in advertisement expenditure will shift the demand curve leftward. Similarly, a rise in per capita income will shift the demand curve rightward and viceversa. Now, the supply curve can shift rightward if there is any improvement in the technology. On the other hand any supply shock can shift the supply curve leftward.ReferencesVarian, H. R. (2011). Intermediate Microeconomics A Modern Approach (8th ed.). NY Norton Walter Nicholson, Christopher Snyder (2012). Microeconomic Theory Basic Principles and Extensions (11th ed.). USA Cengage Learning TR Jain, VK Ohri (2010). Introductory Microeconomics and Macroeconomics (7th ed.). India V.K.Publications

Dyspepsia Chronic Or Recurrent Pain Health And Social Care Essay

Good nutrition is indispensable to good wellness throughout life, get downing with pre natal life and go oning through quondam(a) age. An ancient ayurvedic adage denotes that When diet is incorrect medical examination specialty is of no customs duty, when diet is right medical specialty is of no demand. Thus nutrition scientific magnetic discipline helps to advance human wellness and dainty complaint.Aging is a natural evident fact in human life. The universe is expected to reckon an unprecedented ripening of the human population in states worldwide. It is likely that there argon 416 million old great deal ( cured 60 old ages and higher up ) around the Earth and by 2020 universe s 11.9 % of population will be above 60 old ages ( Mr. Katz ) . In India besides the tendency is same, 7.5 % of the constitutional population is above 60 old ages.Harmonizing to the population appraisal of Tamil Nadu 2001, Male sr. citizens within 60-69 twelvemonth of age was 5.35 % , 70-79 old a ges of age was 2.49 % and 80 old ages of age and above was 86 % .Female senior citizens in 60-69 twelvemonth of age was 5.62 % , 70-79 old ages of age was 2.41 % .80 old ages and above was 0.9 % .When comparison with 1961, 1971, 1981 and 1991 twelvemonth prise count, there was accompaniment in figure of senior citizens in Tamil Nadu.Harmonizing to the nose count of Madurai, the population aged 60 to 64 old ages predicted as 3.05 % , 65-69 twelvemonth projected as 2.10 % , 70 to74 old ages describe as 1.54 % , 75-79 twelvemonth predicted as 0.78 % and 80 + old ages anticipated as 0.88 % .It is estimated that the proportion of with this addition in the population of the senior citizens, societies in each state have to larn how to cover with a new set of wellness challenges. It is known that the senior citizens suffer from assorted types of jobs physically, psychologically, frugalally and socially. 45 % of old age race in India have continuing sickness and disablements.There is a ordinary looking at by the natural healer that All disease begins in the intestine. Chiefly the increased prevalence of several common GI upsets occurs in the aged individual. superior citizens normally experiences dysphasia, anorexia, upset stomach, and colonic jobs. Among these indigestions holding the highest prevalence rate in India. indigestion is a chronic or perennial hurting or self-consciousness revolve about in the upper venters associated with a assortment of notes including station prandial comprehensiveness, bloating, flatulency, sickness, purging, heartburn, early repletion and acerb regurgitation. Globally the incidence rate of indigestion is 7 to 45 % . The judge factors of indigestion include nutrient, intoxi empennaget, caffeine, indigestion and medicines contribute to dyspepsia. Chronic indigestion associated with stomachic malignant neoplastic disease, peptic ulcer, gastro esophageal reflux upset or may miss an identifiable cause. Dyspepsia ca n be categorized in to three those with dismay characteristics, those with no dismay characteristics but found to be positive for H.pylori ( unsophisticated indigestion ) and those in whom no causal organic disease has been identified ( operative indigestion ) . The common direction of indigestion includes life-style fittings, H.pylori therapy, and pharmacological direction. Pharmacological direction includes alkalizers, prokinectics, acid suppressive cytoprotective and H.pylori obliteration agents.Indigestion can be managed in place by disposal of powdered zesty excerpt. spice up has been utilise as a traditional medical specialty in Asia and India since antediluvian times. pepy extract has a spicy inspiring gustatory sensation. It is used as a place redress for dyspepsia, sickness, cold and sore pharynxs. The characteristic olfactory properties and spirit of spice root is caused by a mixture of zingrone, shogaols and gingerols, erratic oils that compose about one to three per centum of the weight of fresh ginger. Volatile oils have the ability to chase away gas and cut down bloating in the bowel. Ginger is rich in such oils. It promotes the production of spit, which is called sialagogue. This action makes the ginger to excite the f piteous of gall from the saddle sore vesica which helps dyspepsia.Need FOR THE STUDYDyspepsia is non a disease but a base of symptoms that alert practician to disease of the upper gastro-intestinal piece of land. It is reported that 50 % of people with dyspepsia ego medicate utilizing alkalizers and low dosage H2 receptor adversaries, perchance with advice from a community druggist, but statistics show that every bit many as one in 4 people in Scotland with indigestion and one in 10 in England and Wales consult their worldwide practician.Dyspepsia is one of the dominant upper gastro-intestinal jobs among elderly. It is non been shown to be associated with any addition in mortality. However, the impact of this statu s on patients and wellness attention services has been shown to be considerable. In a recent community subscribe of several European and North American populations, 20 % of people with dyspeptic symptoms had consulted either primary attention doctors or hospital specializers more than 50 % of indigestion sick persons were on medicine most of the clip and about 30 % of dyspeptics reported taking yearss off work or schooling due to their symptoms.The prevalence rate of indigestion varies well amidst different populations. Dyspepsia is considered as a public wellness job in India. Nationwide study of indigestion conducted in 2006 shows that the prevalence of uninvestigated indigestion was 30.4 % . A study in urban Mumbai found that uninvestigated indigestion was more prevailing in grownups & gt 40 old ages of age. A study on cultural group of Indians found that the estimated rate of uninvestigated indigestion was 7.5 % . In an urban study in India found that no difference in dyspe ptic symptoms occurred amid vegetarians ( 29.1 % ) and meat-eaters ( 31.2 % ) . This shows that indigestion is a common job in India among senior citizens.A planetary position on the prevalence of uninvestigated indigestion varies between 7-45 % and functional indigestion has been noted to change between 11-29.2 % .The prevalence of lowest rate of uninvestigated indigestion was seen in Singapore ( 7-8 % ) , South East Asia, roundwhat higher rates are seen amongst the Scandinavians ( 14.5 % and 18.4 % ) , a prevalence rates are of 23-25.8 % are seen in the US with populations in India ( 30.4 % ) and New Zealand ( 34.2 % ) holding the highest rate. Whereas the prevalence rate of functional indigestion in UK, Taiwan and US were 15 % , 23.8 % and 29.8 % severally.Hazard factors for indigestion have been shown to include females and underlying psychological perturbations, environmental/lifestyle wonts such as hap slight economic position, smoke, increased caffeine consumption and consu mption of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs appear to be more relevant to un investigated indigestion.It is clear that indigestion is a common status globally, impacting most populations, irrespective of location.A mess on herbal medical specialty and gastro enteric system shows that ginger stimulates the flow of spit, gall and stomachic secernments. Ginger addition gastro enteric motility without impacting stomachic voidance. These baffleings appear to back up to the traditional usage of ginger in the intervention of GI uncomfortableness and bloating.A few surveies have proven the effects of ginger to the human organic structure. Although non yet every bit celebrated as other herbs, at least, ginger is going popular as alternate to other herbs. Among the celebrated herbal uses of ginger is as an selection. The great benefits that ginger pull out can give are genuinely unmeasurable.There are many geriatric units in and around Madurai. The common issue identified among senior c itizens is dyspepsia. Investigator tangle that the ginger infusion for indigestion will assist to still and to advance better GI map among aged with low cost herbal medical specialty.In the visible radiation of the magnitude of the indigestion job and the deficiency of related to surveies, the research worker has underinterpreted this raft to find effectivity of ginger infusion in cut downing badness of dyspeptic symptoms.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMAn experimental batch to measure the effectivity of ginger infusion on indigestion among senior citizens shacking in geriatric attention unit of Christian Mission Hospital, Madurai- 2010.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo measure the peak of indigestion among experimental and take hold group before administrating ginger infusion.To measure the degree of indigestion among experimental and control group subsequently administrating ginger infusion.To happen out the difference in the degree of indigestion between experimental and control group.To happen the association between the degree of indigestion and socio demographic variables in the experimental group after administrating ginger infusion.RESEARCH HYPOTHESISH1 There will be a meaning(a) difference between the degree of indigestion between the control group and experimental group with Ginger infusion.H2 There will be a important association between the station trial degree ofdyspeptic symptoms and demographic variables.PremiseThe undermentioned premises were made in this eyeshot.The senior citizens would co work on with research worker and would be willing to take part efficaciously in the survey.The points included in the tool would be equal and stand for the metre of dyspeptic symptoms badness.Every senior citizen is alone and responds in a alone mode to depict the badness of dyspeptic symptoms.The Ginger infusion would be qualified to still dyspeptic symptoms.Ginger infusion will be easy acceptable by the senior citizens.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONEffectiveness of G inger infusionIn this survey, it refers to the decrease in badness of dyspeptic symptoms as measured by the average difference in dyspepsia badness tonss utilizing 7-point Global overall symptoms of dyspepsia graduated table before and after disposal of Ginger infusion.Ginger infusionIn this survey, it refers to a liquid prepared by boiling peeled and grated A? tsp of fresh ginger in H2O constituted to nose candy milliliter of infusion, to which 10 milliliter of honey is added to dulcify and 5 beads of lemon beads to season.IndigestionIn this survey, it refers to symptoms of upper gastro enteric piece of land related to digestion as represented by the senior citizens, which includes dyspepsia, upper abdominal muscle uncomfortableness, sickness, bloating, flatulency, station prandial comprehensiveness, early repletion, flatulency, diarrhea, irregularity, dysphagia, coated lingua and un pleasant gustatory sensation in the viva cavity.Senior CitizensBoth male and female aged people who were aged 60 old ages and above and were populating off from their household in selected geriatric attention unit is referred as senior citizen.Geriatric unitGeriatric unit refers to geriatric attention division of Christian Mission Hospital, Madurai, where senior citizen s distinguishable demands are catered.Boundary lineThe survey is delimited toSenior citizens shacking in the geriatric unit, CMH, Madurai.PROJECTED OUTCOMEThe survey findings will be effectual in cut downing the degree of dyspeptic symptoms among senior citizens shacking in selected geriatric unit and to fire up the involvement in non pharmacological intercessions like ginger infusion towards indigestion. Findingss of this survey will assist to be after and pattern Ginger infusion as a complementary therapy in advanced nursing pattern.CHAPTER- IIREVIEW OF LITERATURELinkss between new research subjects and bing cognition are by and large developed by a thorough reappraisal of anterior research workers on a subj ect and so by developing a model for the subject on the footing of what is studied.In this chapter, the reappraisal works of relevant literature and research surveies are organized under the undermentioned facets.Scenario of indigestionMagnitude of indigestion among aged peopleAssociated factors of indigestionTool Global over all symptom graduated table for DyspepsiaConsequence of ginger on wellness complaintsDyspepsia and ginger1. Surveies related to Scenario of indigestion.Sahib, Y. et.al ( 2004 ) conducted a survey on the prevalence and punt factor of functional indigestion in a multi cultural population in the linked States to mensurate the prevalence of functional indigestion and its hazard factors in a multi cultural voluntary sample of the US population. A questionnaire method was followed. Consequences indicate that the prevalence of indigestion was 31.9 per 100 and 15.8 per 100. About 64.5 % Participants with indigestion had functional indigestion. The survey concludes t hat most topics with indigestion had functional indigestion.Bhatia SJ et.al ( 2001 ) conducted a survey on epidemiology of indigestion in the general population in Mumbai to find the prevalence, human ecology and economic deductions of indigestion in Mumbai. A questionnaire method was followed. Consequence shows that 774 topics had indigestion, 614 people had abdominal comprehensiveness, 374 had abdominal hurting, and 272 had pyrosis and belching. The survey concludes that indigestion was reported by about tierce of the population in Mumbai.M.JJ Van Bommel.et.al ( 2001 ) conducted a survey on audiences and referrals for indigestion in general practice-a one twelvemonth database study to depict the prevalence of indigestion in general pattern, and the clinical and non clinical determiners of referral in these patients. Cross tablets and logistic arrested development abbreviation were carried out to uncover patient features and referral. The prevalence of indigestion in primary atten tion was 3.4 % .The survey concludes that indigestion is a often happening ailment in primary attention patients and normally treated by their general practician.2. Magnitude of indigestion among aged peopleAlberto pilotto et.al ( 2006 ) Conducted a survey on the drug used by the aged in general pattern effects on upper gastro intestinal symptoms to measure the prevalence of drug usage by aged outpatients in Italy and to place the association between drug usage and gastro enteric symptoms. The consequences shows that 32.7 % of patients reported at least one upper gastro enteric symptom, 25 % with dyspepsia syndrome, 16.2 % had abdominal hurting and 14.25 % had reflux symptoms. The survey concludes that the prevalence of drug usage is really high in aged outpatient population.3. Surveies related to factor of indigestionMahadeva.S.et.al. ( 2010 ) conducted a survey on the Hazard factors associated with indigestion in a rural Asiatic population and its impact on quality of life. To fin d the prevalence epidemiology and impact of indigestion in a rural Malaysian community Of 2,260 grownup, 2,000 ( 88.5 % ) completed the study. Dyspepsia was found to be associated with female gender ( 15.8 vs. 12.7 % males, P=0.058 ) , Chinese ethnicity ( 19.7 vs. 14.2 % non-Chinese ) , higher instruction degrees, medium-range incomes, non-village-type lodging, non tobacco plant users, non- infusion drinkers, regular analgesia consumption, and grownups with chronic unwellness. Logistic arrested development analysis showed that higher degrees of instruction, i.e. , secondary instruction, non-village lodging, regular analgesia, and chronic unwellness were independent hazard factors for indigestion. Conversely, regular infusion imbibing ) seemed to hold an opposite relationship. Epidemiologic hazard factors include a higher socioeconomic position, regular analgetic ingestion, and chronic unwellness.Mari-Ann et.al ( 2010 ) A cross-sectional study was conducted on Dyspepsia in rural Mal aysians is associated with a lower HRQOL. Epidemiological hazard factors include a higher socioeconomic position, regular analgetic ingestion, and chronic unwellness in a representative urban population in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A sum of 2039 grownups age 40.5A AA 11.8A old ages, males 44.2 % , ethnicity Malayans 45.3 % , Chinese 38.0 % and Indians 13.1 % , third base instruction degree 62 % , professional employment 47.7 % and average monthly income USD 850.00 ) were interviewed. Dyspepsia was prevalent in 496 ( 24.3 % ) grownups. Independent forecasters for indigestion, explored by logistic arrested development, were identified as Malaysians and Indian ( OR 1.59, 95 % CIA =A 1.03-2.45 ) ethnicity, heavy chilly intake usage of regular analgesia and chronic unwellness. Ethnicity, in add-on to acknowledge epidemiological factors, is a hazard factor for indigestion in an urban multi-racial Asiatic population.Barazkasm et.al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on uninvestigated indigestion a nd its related factors in an Iranian community to find the prevalence rate of indigestion and the hazard factors. A cross sectional study was performed. The consequences indicates that the prevalence rate of uninvestigated indigestion was 8.5 % .Post parandial comprehensiveness was experienced by 41.5 % .The survey concludes that adult females, older people, corpulent, widowed and low instruction topics are more likely to endure from indigestion.SanjivA MahadevaA MRCP, MD.et.al ( 2006 ) conducted a survey on assess the association between depression and functional indigestion. It showed greater prevalence of depression among functional indigestion patients ( 30.4 % ) , when compared to organic indigestion patients ( 11.2 % ) . Women showed greater hazard to present functional indigestion and in footings of age, the group with ages between 31 to 50 old ages and 51 to 60 old ages showed protection consequence ( topics within these age groups have minor hazard to present functional ind igestion ) . After the multivariate analysis depressed patients showed three times greater co morbidity with functional indigestion when compared to non-depressed patients. The fitting for the gender, age and matrimonial position variables confirmed the association between functional indigestion and depression. Consequences point the demand to measure the presence of depression in functional indigestion patients and to set up specific intervention schemes for these patients.Stephen W.MD et.al ( 2006 ) Conducted a survey on indigestion in homeless grownup to find the prevalence and hazard factors for indigestion in a representative sample of stateless individuals. A cross sectional study with serologic proving for Helicobacter pylori infection was done. The consequences revealed that 18 % had upper stack hurting, 595 had dyspeptic symptoms. H.pylori infection was identified in 315 of Participants. The survey concludes that indigestion is a common job among stateless grownups in Tor onto.Stolte M et Al ( 2003 ) conducted a survey on Helicobacter pylori obliteration is good in the intervention of functional indigestion to measure whether the obliteration of Helicobacter pylori leads to long term alleviation of symptoms of functional indigestion. Double dim-sighted obliteration was followed. The consequences showed a statistically benefit in footings of symptom alleviation from non-ulcer indigestion. The survey concludes that H.pylori infection causes dyspeptic symptom in a subset of patients with functional indigestion.4. Surveies related to consequence of ginger on wellness complaintsZahra Vahdat ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on consequence of enteric feeding with ginger infusion in acute respiratory hurt syndrome. An enteric diet supplemented with ginger infusion in acute respiratory hurt syndrome ( ARDS ) patients may be good for gas qualify and could diminish continuance of mechanical airing and length of stay in intensive attention unit ( ICU ) . In this in dividual centre, randomized, controlled dual blind survey, 32 patients with ARDS were randomized to have a high protein enteric diet enriched with ginger infusion or placebo. Patients fed enteric diet enriched with ginger infusion had significantly betterment in oxygenation was observed on twenty-four hours 5 ( P=0.02 ) and 10 ( P=0.003 ) in ginger infusion group compared to command group. A important difference was found in continuance of mechanical airing ( P0.02 ) and length of ICU stay ( P=0.04 ) in favor of ginger infusion group. None of incidences like barotraumas, organ failure and mortality found among survey groups.Zahra Atai et.al ( 2009 ) conducted a survey on Inhibitory Effect of Ginger Extract on Candida albicans fungous infections could be dangerous in immuno compromised patients. Candida albicans is the most frequent Fungi in the unwritten pit. The first measure for intervention could be done utilizing topical fungicidal agents. Nystatine is a pick for mentioned use but there are some jobs in its utilizing including unfavoured gustatory sensation, frequence of use, etc. This survey was carried out to happen an option for Nystatine. The survey was designed based on laboratory probes to look into the fungicidal activity of zingiber offcinale ( Ginger ) on Candida albicans which was obtained from Persian microbic aggregation and was confirmed by Germ Tube formation trial. Ethanolic Ginger infusion was prepared. The fungicidal activity of the infusion was determined utilizing Agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques. Datas were analyzed by ANOVA trial. The consequences showed that the ethanolic infusion was effectual on Candida albicans ( 2 mg mLi1 ) at the concentration of 15. The survey indicates that Ginger infusion might hold promise in intervention of unwritten moniliasis.Hoffman.T ( 2007 ) says that ginger has been used safely for 1000s old ages in cookery and medically in common people and place redresss. Advanced engineering enables the proof of these traditional experiences. The national centre for ( NCCAM ) has evaluated the consequences of the available surveies, evaluation the studies from implicative ( for short term usage of ginger for alleviation from, gestation related sickness and emesis ) to assorted ( when used for sickness caused by gesture illness, chemotherapy or surgery ) and to ill-defined for intervention rheumatoid arthritis, osteo arthritis or joint and musculus hurting.White B ( 2007 ) explained ginger is one of the more normally used herbal addendums. Although frequently consumed for culinary intents, it is taken by many patients to handle a assortment of conditions, ginger has been shown to be effectual for gestation induced and post operative sickness and emesis. There is less grounds to back up its usage for gesture illness or other types of sickness and emesis. Assorted consequences have been found in limited surveies of ginger for the intervention of arthritis symptoms.Hollyer.T.Bo o.et.al ( 2002 ) conducted a survey related to the usage of complementary and alternate medical specialty by Women enduring from sickness and purging during gestation. In this survey 70 adult females completed the questionnaire 61 % reported utilizing complementary and alternate medical specialty therapies of which the three most popular were ginger, vit B6 and acupressure 21 % of those who reported utilizing CAM had consulted CAM practioners, 8 % their doctors / druggist and 71 % discussed the use with household, friends and other wellness professionals. Womans did non utilize CAM stated they would likely utilize these modes if there was more information about these safety in gestation.Nanthakoman T, Pongrojpaw.D ( 2006 ) found that efficaciousness of ginger in bar of station operative sickness and emesis after major gynecologic surgery from action 2005-april 2006, 120 patients who underwent major gynecologic surgery were randomized in to group A ( n=60 ) and group B ( n=60 ) . T he patients in group A received two capsules of ginger taken one hr before the process ( one capsule contains 0.5 g of ginger pulverization ) . The patients in group received the placebo. The ( VANS ) ocular parallel sickness mark and frequence of purging were evaluated at 0, 2,6,12 and 24 hours after the operation statistically important difference in sickness between group A ( 48.3 % ) and group B ( 66.7 % ) .5. Surveies related to dyspepsia and gingerBadreldin H.et Al ( 2008 ) conducted a survey on some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological belongingss of ginger ( zingiber officinale Roscoe ) A reappraisal of recent research. The survey shows that ginger is used for a broad array of unrelated complaints that include dyspepsia, irregularity, spasms, purging, strivings, sore pharynx, arthritis and helminthiasis.Mahady GB et.al ( 2003 ) Conducted a survey on ginger root ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe ) and the gingerols inhibit the growing of CagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori. A methanol infusion of the dried ginger rootstock, 10-gingerols and 6-shoyoal, were tested against 19 strains HP including 5CagA+ strains. The consequence revealed that a methanol infusion of ginger rootstock inhibit the growing of all 19 strain evil vitro. The survey concludes that ginger root extracts incorporating gingerols inhibit the growing of H.pylori CagA+ strains in vitro.Gupta et.al ( 2003 ) Conducted a survey on ginger at Toyama medical and pharmaceutical university.Found that fresh pieces of ginger dipped in a small salt additions salivation in the oral cavity and stocked digestive fire in the tummy. The survey concludes that the ginger touch off a concatenation reaction in our immune system that aids digestion and dainties stomach complaints.Narullah A et.al ( 2003 ) conducted a survey on usage of common people redresss among patients in Karachi Pakistan to find the scientific grounds sing the usage of herbal medical specialty in Pakistan. A questionnaire me thod was followed. The survey shows that cinnamon, ginger, cloves, honey, lemon, poppy seeds, eggs and curd are the common herbal medical specialty they are practising. These common people redresss are used in common cold, cough and grippe to more terrible status such as indigestion, asthma, icterus and heat shot. The survey concludes that the significant usage of common people redresss for intervention of medical conditions need to form on scientific lines.6. Surveies related 7-point Global Symptom Scale for DyspepsiaS. J. O. Veldhuyzen et.al conducted survey that proof was performed in two randomized-controlled tests ( n A? 1121 and 512 ) . Global overall symptom was compared with the quality of life in reflux and indigestion, GI symptom evaluation graduated table, reflux disease questionnaire and 10 specific symptoms. The intra category correlativity coefficient was metric for patients with stable indigestion defined by no alteration in overall intervention consequence mark ove r two visits. Change in planetary overall symptom mark correlated significantly with quality of life for reflux and indigestion, GI symptom evaluation graduated table, reflux disease questionnaire and specific symptoms ( all P & lt 0.0002 ) . Dependability there was a positive correlativity between alteration in planetary overall symptom and alteration in symptom badness. The consequence size and standardised response mean were 1.1 and 2.1, severally. The planetary overall symptom graduated table is a simple, valid sequel step for indigestion intervention tests.

In Latin and other languages, Fluxus literally means flow and change Essay

In Latin and separate languages, Fluxus literally means flow and change. Similarly, the related English word flux is utilize variously to mean a state of continuous change,a fusion. Fluxus ideas were prevalent well before the 1960s, growing with the idea of intermedia, but rootage summarised, exemplified and presented in a festival jointly organised by the German, Joseph Beuys, and Lithuanian-born architect and designer, George Maciunas.It was Maciunas desire to show the encounter of a specific group of plurality, sharing the same thoughts on art at the time and it was he who coined the name Fluxus. The Fluxus per word formance festival held at the Dsseldorf Art Academy on 2-3 February 1962 was a significant diachronic marker in the early development of the Fluxus group. Numerous Fluxus and Fluxus-type festivals and activities continued to be presented in Europe throughout the 1960s after which the focus shifted to New York. Fluxus has been depict as the most grouping and exp erimental art movement of the sixties.Fluxus differs from most art in being purely conceptual. Characterized by a strongly Dadaist attitude, Fluxus promoted esthetic experimentation mixed with friendly and political activism, an often celebrated anarchistic change. Although Germany was its principal location, Fluxus was an international avant-garde movement, active in major Dutch, English, French, Swedish, and American cities. Its participants were a divergent group of individualists whose most common theme was their delight in spontaneity and humour. Fluxus members avoided any limiting art theories, and spurned pure aesthetic objectives, producing such(prenominal) mixed-media fails as poems, mail art, silent orchestras, and collages of such readily available materials such as scavenged posters, newspapers, and other ephemera.Their activities resulted in many events or situations, often called Actions or as known in the USA, Happenings, which were works challenging definitions of art as focused on objects. Street theatre was very popular as were other performances such as concerts of electronic music. An account given by the American Fluxartist Dick Higgins described the sort of happening you would expect at one of his Fluxconcerts. This special description is from the concert at Dsseldorf and it had become a kind of set piece for these festival performances. Higgins described his arrangement, Constellation No 4 as followsEach performer chooses a sound to be produced on any instrument available to him, including the voice. The sound is to have a clearly de ticketd percussive attack and a delay which is no longer than a second. Words, crackling and rustling sounds, atomic number 18 excluded because they have multiple attacks and decaysEach performer produces his sound as efficiently as possible, almost simultaneously with the other performers sounds. As soon as the last decay has died away, the piece is over.A person, who attends a Fluxconcert, after the f irst shock, typically gets caught up in the spirit of it and begins to taste it, without consciously knowing why. What the recipient sees is coloured by his or her perception of it and instinctively he or she is matching horizons, comparing expectations, participating in the process the more actively he or she does so, the more likely they will be able to enjoy the experience.In 1981 Dick Higgins Wrote a list of nine criteria that he suggested central to Fluxus1. internationalism2. experimentalism and iconoclasm3. intermedia (a term employed by Dick Higgins to describe an art form appropriate to people who say there are no boundaries between art and lifespantime)4. minimalism or concentration5. an attempted resolution of the art/life dichotomy6. implicativeness (an ideal Fluxus work that implies many more works)7. play or gags8. epehmerality9. specificity (work to be specific, self-contained and to embody all its own parts)Clearly non any work is likely to reflect all nine of t hese characteristics or criteria, but the more of them a work reflects, the more typically and characteristically Fluxus it is. Similarly not every work by a Fluxartist is a Fluxwork typically Fluxartists do other sorts of work as well. The group pioneered these ideas at a time when their thoughts and practices in the world around them were distinct from the art world and different from the world of other disciplines in which Fluxus, would come to play a role.Like Duchamp, many Fluxus pieces (most notably the performance ones), are often characterised by their taking of a very ordinary event from daily life, and their being framed as art by being presented on stage as a performance situation. A collection of Fluxus works will inevitably include approximately pieces which are untransformed from life. Their signification is their ability to transform viewers horizons.According to Joseph Beuys, Fluxus intended to purge the world of bourgeois sickness . . . of dead art, to promote a r evolutionary flood and zoom in art, anti-art, promote non art reality . . . and to fuse the cadres of cultural, social, and political revolutionaries into a united front and action.I was particularly interested in the work of Joseph Beuys on view at the Tate Modern. He was a shaman, showman, teacher and tireless debater. He used the detritus of daily life in his work materials representing energy such as fat, felt, wax, honey, and copper, iron, bronze and batteries. His use of felt and fat in particular relates back to his near death experience in World War II when he used the two materials to keep him warm.*Show Pictures*Most of his pieces have changed through time, relying as they do on materials that decay, ferment, dry up, or change colour. Since life is in a constant state of flux, he reasoned, art, in golf-club to take on itself closer to life, must be similarly ephemeral. It was therefrom, in change, that Beuys sought to bring about the ultimate unity between art and life .Many of the Fluxartists were poor and could not afford to work with fine and costly materials. The sense that if Fluxus were to incorporate some element of ongoing change flux -that the individual works should change. Many objects therefore were made of ephemeral materials, so that as time went by the work would either disappear or would physically alter itself. A work such as this made a strong statement rather than a work that would last throughout the ages in some treasure vault. Many of the Fluxartists work, such as Robert Fillouss works have disappeared into thin air. A unattackable example of this is the work we looked at in the lecture last week entitled The artists breath by Yves Klein.George Maciunas planned to create a Fluxus Board of Directors which he would head from the Headquarters in New York. Maciunas wrote a letter to Thomas Schmit, in the form of a Fluxus manifesto, as which it is often referred. He stated that* Fluxus objectives are social and not aesthetic* Th e gradual elimination of fine arts (music, theatre, poetry, fiction, painting, sculpture, etc.) was motivated by the desire to stop the waste of material and human resources and appropriate it to socially constructive ends such as Industrial design, journalism, architecture, engineering, graphic-typographic arts, printing etc.* The movement was against the art-object as non-functional commodity to be sold and to make a aliveness for an artist.* It could have the function of teaching people the needlessness of art. Therefore teaching that a work should not be permanent* Fluxus is therefore anti-professional* Against art as a medium or vehicle promoting artists ego.* Applied art should express the objective problem to be solved not by the artists character or ego.* Fluxus art should tend towards the collective spirit, anonymity and anti-individualism* Fluxus concerts and publications are at best transitional and temporary until such time that artists find other employment. Maciunas states that it is of utmost(prenominal) importance that the artist finds a profession from which he can make a living.* He says that there is no such thing as a professional revolutionary. Revolution is for participation of all and that a revolutionary should not practice something he is trying to overthrow or even worse, making a living from it, and that the best revolutionaries practice what they preach.* Fluxartists should not make a living from their Fluxus activities but find a profession (like applied arts) by which he would do best Fluxus activity.* The best Fluxus composition is a most non-personal, ready-made one.* Fluxus way of life is 9am to 5pm working socially constructive and useful work earning your own living, 5pm to 10pm expending time on propagandizing your way of life among other idle artists and collectors and fighting them, 12pm to 8am sleeping (8 hours is enough)* You cannot live off your family because then you are being just as parasitic as artists living off the society, without contributing anything constructive.Maciunas also calls the need for copyright arrangements.* Authorship of pieces would last be destroyed, making them totally anonymous thus eliminating the artists ego. The author would be Fluxus. Maciunas says We cant depend on each artist to destroy his ego. The copyright arrangement will eventually force him to it if he is reluctant.May I also add at this point, Robert. C .Morgan, art critic, writer, artist and poet says that By creating the absence of authorship, Fluxus has revived itself as a significant tendency in recent art.However, no one really wanted to sign the manifesto set out by Maciunas. Dick Higgins says that We did not want to confine tomorrows possibilities by what we today. That manifesto is Maciunas manifesto, not a manifesto of Fluxus.George Brecht notes that Fluxus encompasses opposites. Consider opposing it, supporting it, ignoring it, changing your mind.Clearly, with Fluxus, normal theoretical pos itions do not apply. They are not intended to do the same things as say a Jackson Pollock painting. It does not mimic disposition in any narrative way. It does not attempt to move the listener, viewer or reader emotionally or intellectually. The Fluxartist does not even begin to break away him-or herself through the work.The reception of Fluxus, its popularity, influence and in general, its acceptance, varies considerably. A Fluxperformance or an exhibition of Fluxus works attended by a person uneducated about the Fluxus surface area is apt to having an interesting and pleasurable experience. For most avant-guard art, one needs to know quite a considerable amount of art history in order to get ones bearings enough to be able to fuse ones bearings and horizons and experience pleasure. There is a progressive intellectualism of the audience, thus more ideas of what will, or should happen. The spectators of a Fluxwork have to learn that these ideas are not under attack and that they are simply irrelevant to the work at hand.There are two bodies of people whose hostility towards Fluxus is profound. These are1. Groups of art professionals who work in art institutions and galleries. Fluxworks do not lend themselves easily to becoming precious objects which are sold or beautiful fetishes to immortalize the donor. It has more the quality of a souvenir or a sacred relic than or an exquisitely wrought product of fine craftsmanship.2. Secondly, it is the artists who are good in whatever it is that they do, but who are not good enough to be really secure in it.Such artists feel endanger by Fluxus.Victor Cousins phrase of 1816 says of art It is done for the love of it -for its own sake.The Fluxus Collective believed that if value came to be attached to the work then great But the work must be un-commercial in its very nature.-Conclusion-Fluxus is more important as an idea and a potential for social change than as a specific group of people or collection of objects, actio n and life activity. Fluxus tried to eclectically organise itself around the advantages of existing strategies at the same time that it attempted to avoid their abuses. Fluxus was committed to social purpose but opposed the authoritarian means by which it was historically achieved. Today, it is clear that the radical contribution Fluxus made to art was to suggest that there is no boundary to be erased between art and life.The Fluxus movement does not present correct political or social views all the elements behave democratically. Not one piece dominates another. The movement sees a world inhabited by individuals of equal worth and value. By chance, this movement entered the scene, and changed the worldwide view previously held. For a group of artists who sought the reunification of art & life, the current institutionalization of Fluxus is paradoxical, yet the subversive nature of their project the quarrel to hierarchy and authoritarianism, still persists today

Forenisic Review Questions Essay

Review Questions1. What are the three types of fingerprints found in the human population? How much does each occur? Loop, Whorl and Arch. Loop occurs in 60-65 percent of the population, Whorl occurs in 30-35 percent, and Arch only about 5 percent. 2. What is a medulla? What do forensic scientists use this for? A set of cells that runs through a hair. Forensic Scientists use this to distinguish animal hair from human hair. 3. What is a precipitin test? What is it use for?A precipitin test is a test to distinguish between animal and human blood. It is used to tell whether the blood found is from a human or animal. 4. What makes fingerprints individual? How do scientists match a fingerprint to a specific person? The individuality of fingerprints is due to ridge characteristics. They look for point-by-point comparisons in order to encounter whether two fingerprints are the same. 5. How are fingerprints discovered at crime scenes?Devices like the RUVIS help to find fingerprints along w ith fingerprint powders.Critical Review Questions1. Of the three types of physiological tell discussed in this module, which one do you ring you would be most interested in working with in an investigation? why? I think I would be most interested in working with blood. Working with blood would be interesting because you sewer gather a lot of reading from the smallest of blood samples. Such as where the person was when the blood splattered from them and if its human or animal blood. 2. What do you think would be the most thought-provoking aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples? Why? I think the most challenging aspect of collecting and analyzing hair samples would be matching it to a fussy person. I think this would be difficult because hair samples can vary in age and location. Plus postulateing hair is key because it can clear possible suspects based on its properties.Such as texture, length, color, and chemicals. 3. Why do you think forensic scientists study bloo dstain patterns? What can be learned from them? Forensic scientists study bloodstain patterns to determine what took place at the crime scene. Things that can be learned is the direction the blood was traveling in, angle atwhich the blood hit the surface, and it can help determine the spot where the blood came from. 4. Out of the types of evidence discussed in this module, which one do you think is the most important piece of evidence? Why? I think the most important piece of evidence is blood. Blood is the most important because its actual DNA that can link the use up person to a crime scene.Unlike hair blood is more reliable because it rules out other possible choices. 5. Why was the bite mark evidence so important in the Bundy case? If the case happened today, do you think investigators would have more information to work with? The bite mark evidence was so important because it was the only substantial piece of evidence that could prove Bundy committed the crimes. Investigators might have more information to work with maybe they would find fingerprints and hairs at the crime scenes with the proper equipment.

Physical Chemistry

Physical Chemistry II. Final Exam Your Name Your Student Number 110 ruler Points + 10 Bonus Points If you get 110 burdens kayoed of 120 demonstrates, you will get the full 40% assigned to the midterm exam. Your scores 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Total out of 25 out of 20 out of 20 out of 15 out of 20 out of 20 out of 120 * All the problems argon connected. In other words, to solve the problem, you may need the information and/or answers given up in other problems.All necessary information is basically given. Also satisfy consult the supplementary material handed out to you. ) (25 pts) a) (6 pts) The translational energy states in a cubic container are given by the pastime equation. do the following equation for the molecular translational divider function. You will need the following integral relation. ? ? 0 e n 2 ? ? ? dn ? ? ? 4? ? ? ? ? 1/ 2 Answers) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ? ( ) (? ) ( ) ( v ( ( ) ) ) ( a3 =V ) ( ) b) (3 pts) If the vibrational energy levels are given as follows, (b -1) where is the zero of vibrational energy? (b-2) What approximation has been do regarding the vibrational motion? Answers) (b-1) The zero of vibrational energy is at the bottom of the internuclear potential well. 2 pts) (b-2) The vibrational motion is approximated as an harmonic oscillator. (1 pt) c) (6 pts) evoke the following equation for the molecular vibrational division function. You will need the relation applicable when x is less than 1. ?xn ? ?0 ? ? 1 1? x Answers) ( ) ? ( ) ( ) ? ( ) ? ( ) ( ) d) (2 pts)If the molecular electronic partition function can be approximated as follows, where is the zero of electronic energy? Answers) The zero of the electronic energy is taken to be the unaffectionate atoms at rest in their electronic states (2 pts). ) (3 pts) If the molecular rotational partition function is given by the following equation, what assumptions have been made? Answers) 1) The molecule is approximated to be a rigid-rotor. (1 pt) 2) The temperature is much higher than the rotational temperature. (2 pts) f) (5 pts, no partial points) Based on the answers and information given above, write down the equation for the molecular partition function of a diatomic molecule. Answers) ( No partial points. ) ( ) 2) (20 pts) a) (3 pts, no partial points)For a diatomic ideal gas, write down the relationship between the partition function (Q) and the molecular artition function (q). Answers) 3pts. No partial points. ( ) ( ) b) (7 pts) settle the following equation. Answer) ? ( ) ( )( ) ? ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ? ( ) ( ) ( ) ? ( ( ) ) ) ( ? ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 pts) (4 pts) )( ( ) ( ) (7 pts) ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ( c) (5 pts) A is given as follows. Express S in terms of Q. Answers) Path1 (1 pt) (2 pts) ( ( ) ( 5 pts) ) Path2 ( ) ? ( ) ? ? ? (2 pts) ? ? ? (3 pts) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (4 pts) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) (5 pts) d) (5 pts) Express S in terms of q. Use Stirlings approximation (ln N = N ln N N). Answers) ( ) ( ( ) ) (2 pts) ( ) ( ) ( ) (5 pts) ) (20 pts) a) (10 pts) Calculate the standard molar entropy of Br2(g) at 298. 15 K. (10 pts if the value and unit of measurement is correct. 3 pts consequence if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is non written or incorrect. 7 pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. ) Answers)For ( ) ( ) (3 pts) Then, ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ( ) ) ) 10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. b) (10 pts) Calculate the standard molar entropy of Br2(l) at 298. 15 K. The normal boiling point of Br2(l) is 332. 0 K, the molar enthalpy of vaporization at 332. 0 K is 29. 54 kJmol-1, the molar heat message of Br2(l) is 75. 69 JK-1mol-1 and the molar heat capacity of Br2(g) is 36. 02 JK-1mo l-1. (10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect. pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. ) ( ) () Answers) Standard molar entropy ? 3 pts) And () ( ) (? ( ) -Liquid to boiling point ( -At boiling point ) ( ) ( -Gas ( ) ( ) ) () ( ) ( ) 10 pts if the value and unit is correct. 3 pts deduction if the value is wrong but within 20 percent of the correct answer. 3 pts deduction whenever the unit is not written or incorrect.7 pts deduction if the value is wrong and outside 20 percent of the correct answer. 4) (15 pts) a) (5 pts. No partial points) Derive the partial derivative of S with respect to T at constant P in terms of Cp and T. ) ( ) ( ) From ( ) ( ) ( ) From (1) and (2), And ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) -(2) ( ) ( ) -(1) Answers) Total derivative of ( ) (5 pts. No partial points) b) (2 pts. No par tial points) What is the natural variables of U? Answers) S and V c) (2 pts. No partial points) Express dU in terms of dS, dV, T, P. (Answers dU = TdS PdV) Answers) d) (6 pts, No partial points) Consider V and T to be the independent variables of U. Derive the expression of dU in terms of dV, dT, P, T, V, CV. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) , V and T are independent to U. ) 5) (20 pts) a) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ? ? ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (1 pt) ( ) (2 pts) (3 pts) ) (5 pts) b) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) (1 pt) ( ) ( ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) (3 pts) (5 pts) c) (5 pts) Derive the following equation. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) (1 pt) ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3 pts) ( ) (5 pts) d) (5 pts) Derive the following equation and express q0 of c) as a function of T, V, etc. for the case of a diatomic molecule. Answer) ( ? ) ? ? ( )? ? ( ) ? ? ( )? ( ( ) ( (2 pt) ( ) ) ( ) ? ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) (5 pts) 6) (20 pts)Consider the following answer. a) (5 pts) What is ? rH of this reaction at 298. 15 K? Write down a numerical value with a unit. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ? fH(H2) = 0 and ? fH(N2) = 0 ? rH = ? fH(NH3) 1. 5* ? fH(H2)+0. 5* ? fH(N2) (2 pts) =-46. 898kJ/mol (5 pts, no partial points for wrong value. 2 pts deduction for wrong unit) b) (5 pts) What is q0/V for NH3 at 298. 15 K? Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) (1 pt) ) ( ) ( ( ( ) ) ( ) )( =4. 960*1033 m-3 (5 pts) 5 pts, no partial points for wrong value. pts deduction for wrong unit c) (5 pts. No partial points) Suppose that this reaction occurs at 500 K and a primitive pressure of one bar and we start with three moles of H2(g), one mole of N2(g) and no NH3(g). Express G(? ) in terms of only ? and numerical values. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) d) (5 pts. No partial points) Calculate the ? value at equilibrium and KP. Use the given JANAF table. Answers) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) (3 pts) ) ( ) ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) (2 pts)

A Diamond Personality – Oscar Rodriguez

Ask Oscar Rodriguez about the dot-com combust and he may grin at you as if to say, What burst? Rodriguez, a 38- years-old entrepreneur, owns an Internet lineage that sells devoid diamond to various buyers. Business is booming for Rodriguez, In 2004, he has sales of $2.06 million-a 140 percent change magnitude from 2003. Rodriguezs database of almost 60000 diamonds is one of the largest and is valued, according to Rodriguez, at over $350 million. Needless to say, Oscar Rodriguez is optimistic about his business venture.The future wasnt always so bright for Rodriguez, however. In 1985, Rodriguez moved from his country, Puerto Rico, to Gainesville, Florida, with little ability to announce English. There, he attended community college and worked at the local mall to support himself. After graduation, his roommates girlfriend suggested that he work at a local jeweler. I thought she was crazy. I didnt k immediately anything about jewelry, says Rodriguez, who took her advice. Though he worked hard and received his Diamonds and Diamonds Grading certification from the Gemological institute of America, he wasnt satisfied with this progress. I quickly realized that working there I was just expiry to get a salary with a raise here and there. I would never become anything. That operate me to explore other business ventures. I also came to really know diamonds-their pricing and their quality.In 1997, shopworn of working for someone else, Rodriguez decided to open his own jewelry store. However, business didnt boom. Some of my customers were intercourse me they could find diamonds for less on the Internet. It blew my mind. Rodriguez recognized an opportunity and began contacting well-known diamond dealers to see if they would be interested in selling their gems online. Roriguez recalls one conversation with a prominent dealer who told him, You cannot sell diamonds on the Internet. You willing not survive. Discouraged, Rodriguez then says that he made a mistake. I s topped working on it. If you support a fancy, you have to keep working harder at it.A year later, Rodriguez did work harder at his dream and found a dealer who agreed to provide him with some diamonds. Says Rodriguez, Once I had one, I could access code others. Business started to build. The first three months I sold $200,000 worth of diamonds right off the bat. And that was just me. I started to add employees and eventually closed the jewelry store and got out of retail.Although Rodriquez does have some diamonds in inventory, he primarily acts as a connection point between buyers and suppliers, giving his customers an extraordinary selection from which to choose.Rodriguez is now a savvy entrepreneur, and his company, Abazias.com, went public in October 2003. Why is Rodriguez successful? Just ask two populate who have known Rodriguez over the years. Gary Schneider, a realtor who helped build Rodriguezs building, says, Oscar is a very ambitious recent man. I am not surprised at all how successful he is. He is an entrepreneur in the truest sense of the word. One of Rodriguezs former real-estate instructors, Howard Freeman, concurs. I am not surprised at all at his success, says Freeman. Oscar has always been an extremely motivated individual with a lot of resources. He has a wonderful personality and pays close attention to detail. He also has an ability to stick to things. You could tell from commencement that he was going to persevere, and I am proud of him.Rodriguez is keeping his success in perspective, but he also realizes his business potential I take a very small salary, and our overhead is $250,000 a year. I am not in debt, and the business is breaking even. I care about the company. I want to keep everything even until we take off, and then it may be another ball game.

American Dream for Women- Yes or No

sex- Inequality in labor force The American Dream, one of the most dinky things which draw thousands people to the United States, is just a simple promise equality. This is where people can ingrainedize hard and expect to gain from their effort. This is where opportunities atomic number 18 make uply provided for anyone who has determination to improve his or her life. Anyone can extradite equal access to the American Dream. However, it depends. If you are White, you can trance that dream. If you are non-White, you cannot.If you belong to the middle and top(prenominal) class, you arrest the right to dream. If you find yourself struggling to have daily meals, you do not have that right. Similarly, if you are male, go ahead, but if you are not, you have to step back. Gender has always been a big difficulty with the American Dream. Wowork force cannot move themselves to better lives in the same way that custody are able to. Gender creates deep-rooted inequality against women in the labor force, through the social construction of sex activity roles and womanhood.Inequality between dickens grammatical genders shows up as early as in the beginning of ones move. Influenced by gender roles, women and men tend to choose jobs that can help them fulfill their social forethoughts (Weisgram, Dinella, and Fulcher 245). For example, men would prefer jobs with amply monetary reward to fulfill their breadwinning roles, and women would choose jobs which totallyow them to have time with their family as they are so-called to be the main caretakers.Women, raised with the caprice of femininity, would choose careers related to caring or serving much(prenominal) as teachers and nurses, while men would be more attracted to careers in technology and management palm, which require the purportedly masculine characteristics such as decisiveness. As a result, women have a tendency to choose their careers in female-dominated handle, whose monetary reward generally is lower than those of male-dominated fields. This division of the work force also influences womens expectation of their future salaries.Research shows that men overall have higher pay expectation than women, and people intending to work in male-dominated fields have much higher pay expectation than those who want to work in female-dominated fields (Hogue, DuBois, and Fox- Cardamone 222). Low pay expectation can result in receiving lower pay offers in an equally qualified pool of job applicants, and starting wages can affect ones career in his or her long term payment (Hogue, DuBois, and Fox-Cardamone 215). This reflects that in reality women who work in ale-dominated fields earn 26% more than other women who have female-dominated jobs, as the U. S. Department of Labor reported in 2008 (qtd. in Hogue, Dubois, and Fox-Cardamone 215). Women, influenced by their gender roles and the concept of femininity, experience inequality in their work choices and pay expectations. Women subject difficulties during their careers because of their traditional gender roles as main family caretakers. Wives, not husbands, are generally the ones who have primary responsibilities in domestic work, either household chores or child care.In dual-earner families, men usually share housework with their partners, heretofore women still have the main responsibility in organizing family life (Rubin 247). Most people used to deal women entering the work force as expanding their traditional role without men changing theirs (Gilbert and Rader 164). Women were seen as being in conflict between orthogonal work and family the more time they spent on works outside, the more they would neglect their supposedly main role. Questions were then raised about whether operative mothers had negative effect on their children as well as the family as a whole.Although research showed that having dual-earner families had no effect on preschool-age children, in particular if additional income was used in daily childcare, this whole suck uppoint discouraged women from working outside for a long time (Gilbert and Rader 164). Even though our society is now more accepting toward working mothers, women still cannot have the same opportunities as men when it comes to careers, which involve more commitment than jobs. ( Jobs vs careers ) Women are advance to have paid jobs to balance their families finance, to better their childrens and husbands lives.In other words, womens working outside is seen as part of their traditional role, or part of their femininity supporting men. Women who want to pursue their professional careers especially those in high levels, have to spend a lot of time working just standardised their male colleagues. However, unlike men, they are usually criticized as not fulfilling their traditional role. Women who challenge the idea of gender roles are facing a lot of pressure, both from the work place and from their families.As womens major career is family work, they will not be considered successful if they fail as wives and mothers. Their occupational success will not be viewed seriously as it is still their secondary role. These negative effects of gender cause a lot of difficulties for women who want to seriously pursue their careers, and create a deep inequality between women and men in the labor force. Although there are more and more women working in male-dominated jobs, it is not the baptismal font for the most male-dominated field drawship.Only 21% of women hold middle management positions, and just 15% can be senior level managers (Sipe, Johnson, and Fisher 340). Only 1. 2% of Fortune 500 CEOs are women, according to a Catalyst study (Gorski). Leadership positions have much better monetary awards than other positions they can be indications of ones expertise and success in his or her job and can promote conceit as well as confidence. Even though women now have chances to work in respective(a) fields, they are not given equal o pportunities to take leadership roles, which perpetuates the inequality in the workplace.This can be explained, again, by the idea of femininity and masculinity. Masculinity usually includes those traits such as ambitious, analytical, assertive, decisive, independent, etc. , while femininity denotes characteristics such as affectionate, gentle, caring, warm, soft-spoken, etc. The first masculinity expresses the intellect, the second femininity the heart the first the rational faculties, the second the primordial or emotional( Jamieson 124).Those feminine traits are not considered suitable for a leader or for a management position, which traditionally requires those masculine traits such as decisiveness and independence. Because of the effect of gender stereotypes, people view women as possessing the natural femininity, and women are often raised in a way which encourages them to develop such traits to live up to their social expectations. Not all men possess these appreciated chara cteristics, and not all women are feminine in the way our society thinks.However, women as a group have suffered from this idea of femininity as people refuse to acknowledge their strength but focus on their gender- establish inability to perform leadership. As a result, in a society that considers men as natural leaders, women find it difficult to break those gender stereotypes in order to prove themselves as effective leaders. correspond to Noble and Moore (2006), many women who are able to compass leadership eventually give up their positions (qtd. in Sipe, Johnson, and Fisher 340). In her book Beyond the Double Bind, Kathleen H.Jamieson analyzed the gender-caused prejudice against women who were already leaders. As femininity is opposed to the traditional leadership style, women in those positions must be able to show some certain(p) masculine characteristics. They are then perceived as not acting feminine, which is inappropriate in our gender-based society, or as not being ma sculine enough for effective leadership (Jamieson 121). For example, if a female leader talked assertively, she would be considered unfeminine or even rude for a woman, yet if she did not, she would be criticized as having measly leadership skills.Women with their traditional gender role and their assigned femininity have always confronted difficulties in the workplace. The unequalized process starts as soon as they begin to form their ideas about what career they want to pursue, to their lives with a double role as family caretakers and normal employees. It also affects their effort to get promoted to management level even if they already achieve something, the process works to diminish it. Women have always had to work much harder than men in order to achieve equal statuses.They have to overcome many disadvantages, as well as work against mens privilege. Men are viewed as natural leaders women are not. In order to be equal, they have to prove themselves as effective leaders as w ell as better leaders than those supposedly natural leaders. Women were raised in a society which views them as inferior, and to achieve equality means to work hard to change their own minds, as well as others. Women have never enjoyed the real equality which many politicians mentioned in their articulate speeches.They have never had the right to dream the American Dream, which promises that everyone will have equal chances to work themselves out of poverty and live their dream lives. plant life Cited Gilbert, Lucia A. , and Rader, Jill. Current Perspectives on Womens Adult Roles Work, Family, and Life. Handbook of the psychological science of Women and Gender. Ed. Rhoda K. Unger. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2001. 156-169. Print. Gorski, Paul C.. enlighten and Poverty Awareness Quiz. Edchange. 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.Houge, Mary, DuBois, Cathy L. Z. , and Fox-Cardamone, Lee. Gender Differences in Pay Expectations the Roles of Job Intention and Self-View. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 34. 2. (2010) 215-227. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. Jamieson, Kathleen H.. Beyond the Double Bind. New York Oxford University Press, 1995. Print. Rubin, Lillian. Families on the Fault Line. The hearty Construction of Difference and Inequality. Ed. Tracy E. Ore. New York McGraw Hill, 2006. 245-254. Print. Sipe, Stephanie, Johnson, C.Douglas, and Fisher, Donna K.. University Students Perceptions of Gender Discrimination in the Workplace Reality Versus Fiction. Journal of program line for Business. 84. 6 (2009)339-349. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Oct. 2011. Weisgram, Erica, Dinella, Lisa, and Fulcher, Megan. The Role of Masculinity/ Femininity, Values, and Occupational Value Affordances in defining Young Mens and Womens Occupational Choices. Sex Roles. 65. 3/4. (2011) 243-258. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.